Chapter 8: Spinal Column and Spinal Cord Trauma

Bickenbach J, et al, eds. International Perspectives on Spinal Cord Injury. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013.
Hoffman JR, et al; for the National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study Group (NEXUS). Validity of a set of clinical criteria to rule out injury to the cervical spine in patients with blunt trauma. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:94-99.
Stiell IG, et al. The Canadian C-spine rule for radiography in alert and stable trauma patients. JAMA. 2001;286(15):1841-1848.
The American College of Surgeons (ACS). Best practices guidelines: spinal injury. Trauma Quality Programs. March 2022
Maschumann C, et al. new clinical guidelines on the spinal stabilisation of adult trauma patients: consensus and evidence based. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg. 2019;27:77.
The American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma (ACS-COT), American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP), National Association of EMS Physicians (NAEMSP). Spinal motion restriction in the trauma patient: a joint position statement. May 23, 2018.
Kornhall DK, et al. The Norwegian guidelines for the prehospital management of adult trauma patients with potential spinal injury. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg. 2017;25:2.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Spinal injury: assessment and initial management. Nice Guideline No. 41. London, UK: NICE. February 17, 2016.
Moss R, et al. Minimal patient handling: faculty of pre-hospital patient care consensus statement. Emerg Med J. 2013;30:1065-1066.
Connor D, et al. Pre-hospital spinal immobilisation: an initial consensus statement. Faculty of Prehospital Care, The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Emerg Med J. 2013;30:1067-1069.
Mills BM, Conrick KM, Anderson S, et al. Consensus recommendations on the prehospital care of the injured athlete with a suspected catastrophic cervical spine injury. J Athl Train. 2020;55(6):563-572. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0434.19