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Chapter 19: Pain Control in the Prehospital Setting

  1. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie. Polytrauma/Schwerverletzten-Behandlung. Accessed July 24, 2023. https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/187-023.html
  2. Häske D, Böttiger BW, Bouillon B, et al. Analgesia in patients with trauma in emergency medicine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2017;114:785-792. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2017.0785
  3. Karlsen APH, Pedersen DMB, Trautner S, Dahl JB, Hansen MS. Safety of intranasal fentanyl in the out-of-hospital setting: a prospective observational study. Ann Emerg Med. 2014;63(6):699-703. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.10.025
  4. Bendall JC, Simpson PM, Middleton PM. Prehospital vital signs can predict pain severity. Eur J Emerg Med. 2011;18(6):334-339. doi:10.1097/mej.0b013e328344fd
  5. Bounes V, Barniol C, Minville V, Houze-Cerfon C-H, Ducassé, JL. Predictors of pain relief and adverse events in patients receiving opioids in a prehospital setting. Am J Emerg Med. 2011;29(5):512-517. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2009.12.00
  6. Scholten AC, Berben SA, et al. Pain management in trauma patients in (pre)hospital based emergency care: current practice versus new guideline. Injury. 2015;46:798-806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.10.045
  7. Williams OD, Pluck G. The use of methoxyflurane (Penthrox®) for procedural analgesia in the emergency department and pre-hospital environment. Trauma. 2020;22(2):85-93. doi:10.1177/1460408619850038

 

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