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Chapter 11: Extremity Trauma

  1. Heilman J. Trauma to the extremities. In: Tintinalli JE, ed. Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2020. Accessed June 1, 2023.
  2. Ghafouri HB, et al. Is 1% povidone-iodine solution superior to normal saline for simple traumatic wound irrigation?” Wound Med. 2016;15:1-5.
  3. Mayersak RJ. Initial evaluation and management of orthopedic injuries.” In: Tintinalli JE, ed. Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2020. Accessed June 1, 2023.
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  7. Gomes YE, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the Ottawa Ankle Rule to exclude fractures in acute ankle injuries in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2022;23:1-11.
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  15. Fennelly JT, et al. A systematic review of pre-hospital shoulder reduction techniques for anterior shoulder dislocation and the effect on patient return to function.” Chin J Traumatol. 2020;23:295-301.
  16. Siebenbürger G, et al. Medical speciality, medication or skills: key factors of prehospital joint reduction. a prospective, multicenter cohort study. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2018;44:637-642.
  17. Lord S, et al. Implementation of a prehospital patella dislocation reduction protocol. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2020;4:800-803.
  18. Campagne D, et al. Prehospital traction splint use in midthigh trauma patients. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2020;13:296.
  19. Wood SP, Vrahas M, Wedel SK. Femur fracture immobilization with traction splints in multisystem trauma patients. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2003;7:241-243.
  20. Lyng J, et al. Recommended essential equipment for basic life support and advanced life support ground ambulances 2020: a joint position statement. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2021;25:451-459.
  21. Philipsen SPJ, Vergunst AA, Tan ECTH. Traction splinting for midshaft femoral fractures in the pre-hospital and emergency department environment: a systematic review. Injury. 2022;53:4129-4138.
  22. Davis DD, et al. EMS Traction Splint. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing, 2018.
  23. White LJ, et al. Prehospital use of analgesia for suspected extremity fractures. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2000;4:205-208.
  24. Werner SL. Few emergency medical services patients with lower extremity fractures receive prehospital analgesia. Ann Emerg Med. 2005;46:389-390.
  25. Hennes H, Kim MK, Pirrallo RG. Prehospital pain management: the comparison of providers’ perceptions and practices. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2005;9:32-39.
  26. Lindbeck G, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for prehospital pain management: recommendations. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2023;27:144-153.
  27. Browne LR, et al. Multicenter evaluation of prehospital opioid pain management in injured children. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2016;20:759-767.
  28. Dunwoody CJ, et al. Assessment, physiological monitoring, and consequences of inadequately treated acute pain. Pain Management Nursing. 2008;9:11-21.
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  30. Thong ISK, et al. The validity of pain intensity measures: what do the NRS, VAS, VRS, and FPS-R Measure? Scand J Pain. 2018;18:99-107.
  31. Karcioglu O, et al. A systematic review of the pain scales in adults: which to use? Am J Emerg Med. 2018;36:707-714.
  32. Garra G, et al. Validation of the Wong‐Baker faces pain rating scale in pediatric emergency department patients. Acad Emerg Med. 2010;17:50-54.
  33. Crellin DJ, et al. The psychometric properties of the FLACC scale used to assess procedural pain. J Pain. 2018;19:862-872.
  34. Cohen B, et al. Opioid sparing effect of ketamine in military prehospital pain management: a retrospective study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2022;93(suppl):S71-S77.
  35. Beaudoin FL, et al. Low‐dose ketamine improves pain relief in patients receiving intravenous opioids for acute pain in the emergency department: results of a randomized, double‐blind, clinical trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2014;21:1193-1202.
  36. Gessner DM, Horn J-L, Lowenberg DW. Pain management in the orthopaedic trauma patient: non-opioid solutions. Injury. 2020;51(suppl):S28-S36.
  37. Wardhan R, Chelly J. Recent advances in acute pain management: understanding the mechanisms of acute pain, the prescription of opioids, and the role of multimodal pain therapy. 2017; F1000Research. 6 (2017).
  38. Rech MA, et al. Acute pain management in the emergency department: use of multimodal and non-opioid analgesic treatment strategies. Am J Emerg Med. 2022;58:57-65.
  39. Papasoulis E, Zalavras CG, Oatzakis MJ. Prevention of infection in open fractures in mass disasters. In: Wolfson N, Lerner A, Roshal L, eds. Orthopedics in Disasters: Orthopedic Injuries in Natural Disasters and Mass Casualty Events. Berlin: Springer; 2016:217-224.
  40. Patzakis MJ, Wilkins J. Factors influencing infection rate in open fracture wounds. Clin Orthop Rel Res. 1989;243:36-40.
  41. Melamed E, et al. Prehospital care of orthopedic injuries. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2007;22:22-25.
  42. Herteleer M, et al. Epidemiology and secular trends of pelvic fractures in Belgium: a retrospective, population-based, nationwide observational study. Bone. 2021;153:116-141.
  43. Costantini TW, et al. Pelvic fracture pattern predicts the need for hemorrhage control intervention—results of an AAST multi-institutional study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017;82:1030-1038.
  44. Mi M, et al. Management and outcomes of open pelvic fractures: an update.” Injury. 2021;52:2738-2745.
  45. Weber CD, et al. Traumatic hip dislocations in major trauma patients: epidemiology, injury mechanisms, and concomitant injuries. J Clin Med. 2022;11:472.
  46. Cullinane DC, et al. Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma practice management guidelines for hemorrhage in pelvic fracture: update and systematic review. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2011;71:1850-1868.
  47. Courtney C. Hip and femur injuries. In: Tintinalli JE, ed. Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2020. Accessed June 1, 2023.
  48. Gottlieb M. Managing posterior hip dislocations. Ann Emerg Med. 2022;79:554-559.
  49. Bengtzen R. Knee injuries. In: Tintinalli JE, ed. Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2020. Accessed June 1, 2023.
  50. Bernhoff K, Michaëlsson K, Björck M. Incidence and outcome of popliteal artery injury associated with knee dislocations, ligamentous injuries, and close to knee fractures: a nationwide population based cohort study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2021;61:297-304.
  51. Darcy G, Edwards E, Hau R. Epidemiology and outcomes of traumatic knee dislocations: isolated vs multi-trauma injuries. Injury. 2018;49:1183-1187.
  52. Twaddle BC, Bidwell TA, Chapman JR. Knee dislocations: where are the lesions? A prospective evaluation of surgical findings in 63 cases. J Orthop Trauma. 2003;17:198-202.
  53. Sherman SC. Shoulder dislocation and reduction. In: Wolfson AB, Fricker P, eds. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate, 2023. Web.
  54. Bjoernsen L, Ebinger A. Shoulder and humerus injuries. In: Tintinalli JE, ed. Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2020. Accessed June 1, 2023.
  55. Silva MR, et al. Evaluation of the Davos self-assisted technique for reduction of anterior glenohumeral dislocations: a comparative study with the traction/countertraction technique.” JSES Int. 2022;6:391-395.
  56. Chow YC, Lee SW. Elbow and forearm injuries.” In: Tintinalli JE, ed. Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2020. Accessed June 1, 2023.

 

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